2016 Chevy Spark Transmission: A Detailed Review


Intro
The 2016 Chevy Spark has gained attention for its compact size, fuel efficiency, and affordability. However, its transmission system is a vital part of its performance landscape. Understanding the transmission's significance not only enhances the driving experience but also informs potential buyers about reliability and overall value.
This article presents a thorough exploration of the 2016 Chevy Spark's transmission, discussing its features, common issues, maintenance, and comparisons with similar models. The target audience includes car enthusiasts and first-time buyers eager to comprehend potential strengths and weaknesses in the transmission system.
In-Depth Vehicle Reviews
Overview of the Vehicle
The 2016 Chevy Spark stands as a representative of the subcompact car market. With a cheerful design and user-friendly layout, it appeals to urban drivers looking for a nimble and efficient vehicle.
Key Specifications
Equipped with a 1.4-liter four-cylinder engine, the Spark delivers reasonable power while maintaining impressive fuel economy estimates of around 30 miles per gallon in the city and 38 on the highway.
Performance Analysis
The transmission system of the Spark is a continuously variable transmission (CVT). This design allows for smooth acceleration and optimal power delivery. Many drivers report positive experiences in city driving, where the CVT shines. However, some may find its responsiveness less satisfactory in more demanding driving situations.
Safety Features
When evaluating safety, the 2016 Spark features a range of technologies. Sturdily built, it includes essential elements like airbags and electronic stability control. Higher trims even offer additional features like rearview cameras.
Technology and Infotainment
The infotainment system in the Spark includes a touchscreen interface supporting Apple CarPlay and Android Auto. This integration enhances the driving experience, making it easier for users to access their smartphones while on the road.
Fuel Efficiency and Sustainability
As environmental concerns grow, the Sparkβs fuel efficiency plays a notable role in its appeal. By using less fuel, it contributes to lower emissions, aligning with current sustainability goals.
Head-to-Head Comparisons
Comparison Criteria
To evaluate the 2016 Chevy Spark effectively, comparing it to similar subcompact models is paramount. Key criteria include performance, ease of use, safety features, and technological offerings.
Detailed Model Comparison
The Spark can be compared with similarly priced models like the Honda Fit and Kia Rio. Each car brings its own advantages and disadvantages to the table.
Visual Representation (Tables/Charts)
| Feature | Chevy Spark | Honda Fit | Kia Rio |
| Engine | 1.4L I4 | 1.5L I4 | 1.6L I4 |
| Fuel Economy | 30/38 mpg | 33/40 mpg | 33/41 mpg |
| Cargo Space | 11.1 cu.ft. | 16.6 cu.ft. | 13.7 cu.ft. |
Pros and Cons of Each Model
- Chevy Spark
- Honda Fit
- Kia Rio
- Pros: Compact, easy to park, economical.
- Cons: Less cargo space and power compared to rivals.
- Pros: Spacious interior, versatile cargo room.
- Cons: Higher price point.
- Pros: Affordable, well-equipped base model.
- Cons: Lacks some advanced features.
Price Comparison and Value Assessment
The base price of the 2016 Chevy Spark starts lower compared to the Honda Fit, often positioning it as a smart choice for budget-conscious buyers.
"Understanding the nuances of each model is essential for informed decision-making in the automotive marketplace."
Buying Advice and Recommendations
Factors to Consider Before Purchasing
When buying a 2016 Chevy Spark, consider your primary needs. Its small size makes it ideal for city driving but might not suit those requiring extensive cargo space.
Best Practices for Test Driving
During the test drive, pay attention to the transmission's response in various scenarios, especially in stop-and-go traffic and highway conditions.
Financing and Insurance Tips
Securing favorable financing is important. Research various lenders to find competitive interest rates. Insurance costs may vary based on your location and driving history.
Top Recommendations Based on Lifestyle Needs
For students or city dwellers, the Sparkβs maneuverability is advantageous. However, if space is a priority, consider alternatives like the Honda Fit.
Checklist for First-Time Buyers
- Test drive multiple vehicles
- Compare insurance rates
- Review vehicle history reports
- Assess warranty options
Market Trends and Insights


Current Automotive Trends
The small car segment is facing challenges from rising consumer interest in SUVs. Compact vehicles like the Spark must adapt to maintain relevance.
Emerging Technologies
Many manufacturers are investing in new transmission technologies, including dual-clutch systems for improved efficiency.
Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Developments
The 2016 Spark does not offer hybrid options, but trends suggest that electrification will dominate future models.
Consumer Preferences and Psychological Factors
Drivers increasingly aim for efficiency and reliability, making informed choices critical.
Impact of Global Events on Automotive Sales
External factors, such as economic shifts, can reshape consumer behaviors and sales dynamics in the automotive market.
Maintenance and Ownership Costs
Overview of Regular Maintenance Needs
The transmission fluid should be checked regularly, alongside other fluids. Keeping the vehicle serviced according to Chevrolet's guidelines ensures longevity.
Long-Term Ownership Costs
Overall maintenance costs tend to be lower with the Spark compared to competitors, making it an appealing option for budget-oriented owners.
Tips for Reducing Maintenance Expenses
Taking care of basic vehicle needs can significantly reduce unexpected expenses. Simple actions, like timely oil changes, yield positive long-term effects.
Comparison of Warranty Options
Chevrolet offers a three-year or 36,000-mile limited warranty, which is comparable to many rivals. This provides assurance to new buyers.
Real Owner Experiences and Cost Experiences
Many owners report satisfaction with the overall cost of ownership, noting its efficiency and minimal maintenance requirements.
Prelims to the Chevy Spark
The 2016 Chevy Spark merits a thorough examination due to its role in the subcompact car segment. Analyzing the various aspects of this vehicle, particularly its transmission system, is essential for understanding its performance and reliability. This section aims to set the groundwork for comprehending the 2016 Spark's overall offering. A solid background enhances the reader's grasp of the specific elements worth considering when exploring this model.
From fuel efficiency to driving dynamics, knowing how the transmission functions can significantly influence the ownership experience. Furthermore, various considerations play into how the Spark competes in a crowded market. By examining the modelβs unique features and potential target audience, we lay the foundation for the upcoming sections.
Overview of the Model
The 2016 Chevy Spark is a highly compact vehicle designed for urban driving and maneuverability. Its size contributes to ease of parking and fuel efficiency, making it appealing for city dwellers. Equipped with a 1.4-liter four-cylinder engine, it delivers a modest power output. The Spark comes standard with a continuously variable transmission (CVT), which is engineered for efficiency rather than raw power.
In terms of design, the 2016 model exhibits a modern and youthful aesthetic with a spacious interior for its class. Features like a touchscreen interface and safety technologies enhance its appeal. It is an affordable choice for first-time buyers and those looking for a reliable daily driver.
Target Audience and Market Position
The 2016 Chevy Spark primarily targets young professionals, urban residents, and first-time car buyers who prioritize affordability and efficiency. The subcompact segment is notably competitive, with several viable alternatives available. However, the Spark holds its ground through its attractive price point and practical features.
This model positions itself as an economical option with features that cater to tech-savvy individuals. With available connectivity options and user-friendly interfaces, it aims to attract a demographic that values both functionality and modern conveniences. The Spark's nimbleness in urban environments makes it ideal for those who need a reliable vehicle for short commutes.
For more insights on small cars and their market traction, resources such as Wikipedia and Britannica provide useful context.
Transmission Types in the Chevy Spark
The transmission system is a crucial aspect of any vehicle, significantly impacting its performance and overall driving experience. In the 2016 Chevy Spark, understanding the different types of transmission available can guide potential buyers and enthusiasts towards making informed decisions. The 2016 Spark offers both automatic and manual transmission options, each possessing unique characteristics, advantages, and considerations. This section will provide a thorough analysis of these transmission types, outlining their specifications and comparative merits.
Automatic Transmission Specifications
The automatic transmission in the 2016 Chevy Spark is designed to offer convenience and ease of use, particularly suited for urban driving. It features a continuously variable transmission (CVT), which stands out from traditional automatic systems. This modern design provides smooth acceleration and optimal fuel efficiency.
Key specifications for the automatic transmission include:
- Type: Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT)
- Gear Ratios: The CVT system allows for an infinite number of effective gear ratios, enhancing responsiveness and fuel economy.
- Fuel Efficiency: Generally rated at about 30 miles per gallon in the city and 38 on the highway, the CVT contributes to better fuel savings compared to manual options.
Overall, this transmission type is perfect for those prioritizing ease of use and fuel efficiency, which aligns with many city driversβ needs.
Manual Transmission Overview
The manual transmission option in the 2016 Chevy Spark is aimed at driving enthusiasts who prefer full control over gear selection. This traditional style of transmission allows the driver to shift gears manually, which can enhance the driving experience through greater engagement.
Some noteworthy aspects include:
- Type: 5-speed Manual Transmission
- Driving Experience: Manual transmission can provide a more connected feel to the road, which enthusiasts often crave. The driver can decide when to shift, optimizing power delivery based on personal preference.
- Fuel Efficiency: The manual model achieves competitive fuel economy, with ratings similar to or slightly better than its automatic counterpart in real-world conditions.
Choosing the manual option reflects a preference for an engaged driving experience, making it appealing for those who enjoy control behind the wheel.
Comparison of Transmission Options


When deciding between the automatic and manual transmission for the 2016 Chevy Spark, several factors come into play. Comparing these options helps potential buyers understand which system best meets their needs.
- Ease of Use: The automatic transmission is easier to operate, particularly advantageous in heavy traffic or urban scenarios. The manual requires more focus and skill, appealing mainly to those who favor a more involved driving experience.
- Fuel Economy: Both types are competitive in fuel efficiency, but the CVT in the automatic transmission might edge out slightly during mixed driving conditions.
- Driving Engagement: Drivers who value a close connection with the driving experience may prefer the manual, while those looking for convenience might opt for the automatic.
In summary, choosing between these transmissions depends largely on the driverβs lifestyle and preferences. Each transmission fits different purposes and expectations.
Understanding the characteristics of each transmission type can lead to well-informed decisions that enhance driving enjoyment and vehicle efficiency.
Performance Metrics of the Transmission
Understanding the performance metrics of the 2016 Chevy Sparkβs transmission is crucial for prospective buyers and automotive enthusiasts. These metrics reflect not only the efficiency of the vehicle but also its overall driving experience. Key elements of this section include acceleration and responsiveness, fuel efficiency statistics, and driving comfort. Together, these factors provide a comprehensive picture of how the vehicle performs under various conditions.
Acceleration and Responsiveness
Acceleration in the 2016 Chevy Spark is a notable feature, particularly for a subcompact car. The vehicle is equipped with a 1.4-liter four-cylinder engine paired with either an automatic or manual transmission. Buyers often consider how quickly a vehicle can reach speed when merging onto highways or navigating city streets. The Spark can go from 0 to 60 miles per hour in approximately 9.5 seconds when the automatic transmission is engaged.
The responsiveness of the transmission enhances driving confidence. Drivers report that shifts in the automatic transmission are smooth and prompt, allowing for a pleasant driving experience. In contrast, those who prefer manual shifting emphasize the control it provides, making it easier to push the engine to its limits. The feedback from both transmission types suggests a balance between performance and usability, making the Spark appealing to various driving preferences.
Fuel Efficiency Statistics
Fuel efficiency is another important metric for any vehicle, especially in the subcompact class. The 2016 Chevy Sparkβs automatic transmission offers impressive fuel economy ratings, with EPA estimates around 30 miles per gallon in the city and 38 miles per gallon on the highway. Manual transmission enthusiasts do not feel left out, as they still achieve around 29 miles per gallon in the city and 38 on the highway.
These statistics place the Spark favorably among its competitors. The fuel efficiency contributes to lower running costs, an essential factor for new drivers and budget-conscious consumers. Understanding how these ratings compare to other vehicles helps potential buyers make informed decisions about their fuel-related expenses.
Driving Experience and Comfort
The driving experience of the 2016 Chevy Spark is defined by its transmission's role in comfort and maneuverability. The lightweight design of the Spark enhances its agility, especially when navigating tight spaces in urban settings. The automatic transmission's ability to adapt seamlessly to the driver's input ensures a comfortable cruise during long journeys.
Inside the cabin, the design focuses on driver convenience and overall comfort. Seats are positioned to provide adequate visibility, and the interior minimizes road noise, allowing for a quieter ride. Reviews reflect that drivers feel at ease during short trips or lengthy commutes, with the transmission playing a crucial role in maintaining a composed and stable driving experience.
"The 2016 Chevy Spark offers a blend of performance and comfort rarely seen in such a compact vehicle, making it a practical choice for city driving."
Common Transmission Issues
Understanding common transmission issues is essential for anyone considering the 2016 Chevy Spark. The transmission is a critical component, directly affecting the driving experience and vehicle reliability. Being aware of potential problems can help owners address them before they escalate, ensuring optimal performance and safety. Moreover, this knowledge is beneficial for first-time car buyers who may be unfamiliar with the nuances of vehicle maintenance.
Identifying Symptoms of Malfunction
Identifying symptoms of transmission malfunction can prevent further damage and costly repairs. Some of the most common indicators include:
- Warning Lights: Check engine light or transmission light appearing on the dashboard.
- Unusual Noises: Grinding, whining, or clunking sounds when shifting gears.
- Slipping Gears: Difficulty in keeping the car in gear or unexpected changes in gear while driving.
- Fluid Leaks: Noticeable puddles or stains under the vehicle, particularly red or brown fluid.
- Delayed Engagement: A lag in acceleration when shifting from park to drive or reverse.
Recognizing these signs early on can lead to timely interventions and ultimately save money on repairs.
Common Repairs and Solutions
When issues do arise, knowing common repairs and solutions can streamline the recovery process. Repairs may vary in complexity and cost, such as:
- Fluid Check and Replacement: Ensuring proper fluid levels and quality is critical. Regular changes based on the vehicleβs maintenance schedule will often prevent transmission issues.
- Filter Replacement: Changing the transmission filter can improve performance by keeping the fluid clean and free from contaminants.
- Software Updates: Occasionally, updating the transmission control module's software can resolve shifting problems, particularly in modern vehicles.
- Internal Repairs: For more severe problems, such as a slipping transmission or severe leaks, internal components like bands, clutches, and seals may need replacing by a professional mechanic.
It is wise to consult a certified technician to diagnose specific issues accurately.
Cost of Repairs and Maintenance
The cost associated with transmission repairs and maintenance can vary greatly based on the severity of the issue. Factors influencing the total expense include:
- Extent of Damage: Simple fluid changes are inexpensive, whereas major repairs can escalate into thousands of dollars.
- Labor Costs: Mechanic rates differ by location and complexity of the repair work.
- Parts Availability: Original parts may have higher costs compared to aftermarket alternatives. However, quality should not be sacrificed for price.
On average, budget around $100 for basic maintenance like fluid changes and significantly more for repairs, potentially ranging from $300 to over $2,000 depending on the specific repairs needed.
"Proactive maintenance is the key to preventing serious transmission issues that can lead to significant repair costs."
Caring for the transmission with routine checks and early interventions can enhance the reliability of the 2016 Chevy Spark.
Maintenance and Care for the Transmission
Proper maintenance and care of the transmission system in the 2016 Chevy Spark is crucial for ensuring longevity and reliability. This maintenance not only enhances the performance of the vehicle but also minimizes the risk of costly repairs. Regular checks and maintenance practices can help in identifying potential issues before they escalate into major problems. Car enthusiasts and buyers should be aware of the importance of transmission care, as it directly affects driving experience and vehicle value in the long run.
Routine Maintenance Practices
Routine maintenance practices for the transmission involve several key steps. These include:
- Regular Inspection: Checking for leaks, unusual sounds, or shifts in performance can signal impending issues. Inspecting seals and gaskets regularly helps catch problems early.
- Fluid Level Checks: Transmission fluid must be at the correct level. Low fluid can lead to overheating and damage.
- Cleaning the Transmission Filter: A blocked filter can restrict fluid flow. Cleaning or replacing this filter regularly is necessary for optimal performance.
- Visual Checks: Look at the transmission pan for any signs of rust or corrosion. This can indicate other issues within the system.
Performing these checks every few thousand miles typically keeps transmission systems functioning smoothly.
Fluid Changes and Their Importance
Changing transmission fluid is one of the most critical aspects of maintenance. Here are some important reasons why this process cannot be overlooked:
- Fluid Degradation: Over time, transmission fluid breaks down. This can lead to ineffective lubrication and increased friction within the gearbox.
- Contaminants Buildup: Old fluid can accumulate contaminants such as dirt and metal shavings, which can potentially damage the transmission components.
- Temperature Regulation: Fresh fluid helps maintain optimal operating temperatures in the transmission. High temperatures can cause premature wear and tear on the system.
- Recommended Intervals: Manufacturers often recommend changing transmission fluid every 30,000 to 60,000 miles, but checking the owner's manual for specific recommendations is essential.
"Changing transmission fluid can prevent long-term damage and lower repair costs."
When to Seek Professional Help


While routine maintenance is important, there are times when professional intervention is necessary. Here are a few indicators:
- Warning Lights: If the transmission warning light illuminates on the dashboard, it is crucial to consult a mechanic promptly.
- Performance Issues: Noticeable shifts in how the transmission operates, such as slipping or difficulty in changing gears, should not be ignored.
- Strange Noises: Grinding or clunking noises while driving indicate possible damage and require investigation by a professional.
- Fluid Leak: Discovering a pool of red fluid underneath the car means that there is a significant leak that likely necessitates expert repair.
Addressing these issues quickly can prevent more serious problems and ensure the vehicle remains reliable and efficient.
Comparative Analysis with Competitor Models
A comparative analysis of the 2016 Chevy Spark's transmission system with its competitors is important for buyers and enthusiasts wanting to understand the car's value in the market. Comparing features and performance metrics can provide insight into where the Spark stands among similar vehicles. This analysis can inform potential buyers about which model suits their needs based on specific criteria, such as transmission efficiency and driving experience.
Transmission Features in Competing Models
When examining the transmission features in competing models, it is essential to highlight differences that can affect driving dynamics. For instance, models such as the Honda Fit and Toyota Yaris offer automatic and manual transmission options, similar to the Spark. However, their technology in automatic systems may include continuously variable transmissions (CVT), which can be more fuel-efficient compared to the traditional automatic transmission found in the Spark.
- Key Features in Competitors:
- Honda Fit:
- Toyota Yaris:
- CVT for smoother acceleration.
- Enhanced fuel efficiency ratings.
- Offers a choice between manual and automatic (traditional).
- Noted for its reliability and low maintenance costs.
These features can appeal differently to potential buyers depending on their preferences for driving feel and efficiency.
Performance Comparison with Similar Vehicles
Performance can significantly sway buyer decisions. The 2016 Chevy Spark is designed primarily for urban driving and offers adequate performance but is not particularly focused on speed or agility. When comparing it with similar vehicles, some key performance metrics could stand out.
- Acceleration:
The Spark has modest acceleration capabilities, using a 1.4-liter four-cylinder engine. In contrast, the Honda Fit provides more horsepower, contributing to quicker speeds. - Fuel Efficiency:
The Spark offers competitive fuel efficiency with EPA ratings of up to 38 mpg on the highway, but its competitors often match or exceed that.
Observing these factors can help buyers make educated choices based on their expectations and usage patterns. Overall, understanding the transmission features and performance relative to competitors allows for a more comprehensive view of the 2016 Chevy Spark's place in the automotive market.
User Reviews and Experiences
Understanding user reviews and experiences is essential in assessing the overall reception of the 2016 Chevy Spark's transmission. These narratives provide valuable insight beyond what technical specifications can offer. They reflect real-world usage and bring forward information about reliability, performance, and any challenges encountered during ownership.
User feedback can be particularly significant for first-time buyers or those contemplating a purchase. It serves as a guide to expected performance and reliability over time. Potential buyers benefit from hearing about both positive and negative aspects, enabling them to make a more informed decision. Moreover, these insights can lead to better expectation management regarding maintenance needs and operational behavior of the transmission under various driving conditions.
Positive Feedback on Transmission Performance
Many users have expressed satisfaction with the transmission performance of the 2016 Chevy Spark. Owners frequently highlight the smooth shifting capabilities of the automatic transmission. This characteristic seems to enhance the overall driving experience. Many report that the transitions between gears occur seamlessly, contributing to a comfortable ride, especially in city driving.
Feedback has also noted the responsiveness of the transmission, particularly during acceleration. The 2016 model allows for prompt power delivery, which meets the needs of urban driving conditions.
Additional positive remarks include the fuel efficiency, where users praise how the transmission manages power to maximize mileage. A point of consensus among drivers is that the transmission effectively balances performance with economy. Users often mention that this balance is one of the key strengths of the vehicle, aligning with their expectations for a city-oriented compact car.
Negatives and Areas for Improvement
Despite the overall positive reception, some users have pointed out certain negatives regarding the 2016 Chevy Spark's transmission. One frequent concern relates to the manual transmission option. Some drivers have noted that the clutch engagement can feel somewhat vague, making it a challenge for newer drivers to find the right feel, particularly in stop-and-go traffic.
Moreover, users have raised issues about the automatic transmission's potential hesitance during gear changes when accelerating rapidly. This lag can be perceived as a drawback, especially for those who expect a more dynamic performance from a vehicle in this class.
In terms of maintenance, some owners have also reported that transmission fluid changes were not as straightforward, with limited guidance available in the ownerβs manual. This lack of clear instructions can lead to concerns over proper maintenance practices, potentially impacting the longevity of the transmission.
Ultimately, while there are favorable impressions of the 2016 Chevy Spark's transmission, user reviews indicate that there is room for improvement. Awareness of these aspects can prepare potential buyers for both the strengths and weaknesses they might encounter.
Future Considerations
The future of the 2016 Chevy Spark's transmission system presents an intriguing landscape for automotive enthusiasts and potential buyers alike. This section addresses not only what can be expected but also the implications these changes may hold on reliability, performance, and user experience. As the automotive industry continuously evolves, staying informed about anticipated shifts in design and technology is crucial for making educated purchasing decisions.
Anticipated Changes in Future Models
The automotive market is now shifting toward higher efficiency and enhanced performance. Future models of the Chevy Spark are likely to incorporate advanced transmission systems that prioritize fuel economy and acceleration. For instance, the likely transition to continuously variable transmissions (CVTs) could deliver better power management. This would translate into improved responsiveness and lower fuel consumption, appealing to both eco-conscious consumers and those seeking value for money.
Furthermore, expect changes that focus on user-friendliness. Enhanced automation features may become standard, simplifying driving experiences that cater toward younger and less experienced drivers. These advancements could include adaptive transmission systems that adjust to different driving styles, thus maximizing both comfort and control.
Technological Innovations in Transmission Systems
As technology progresses, transmission systems are becoming more sophisticated. The incorporation of smart technologies stands out as a significant development. For example, systems equipped with artificial intelligence could optimize gear shifting in real-time, leading to improved acceleration and reduced emissions.
Another important innovation is the integration of hybrid technologies. Increasingly, vehicles are being designed to use both traditional internal combustion engines and electric power. Such designs often employ advanced dual-clutch transmissions that can efficiently switch between power sources. This capability represents a progressive step toward sustainability in a market increasingly focused on reducing carbon footprints.
The shift toward more automated, intelligent transmission systems can not only enhance performance but also align with global trends towards reducing environmental impact.
Epilogue
The conclusion section of this article synthesizes essential information about the 2016 Chevy Spark's transmission system. Understanding this topic is vital for both enthusiasts and potential buyers. It encapsulates critical insights from performance metrics to common issues encountered with the transmission.
Summary of Key Insights
In reviewing the transmission details of the 2016 Chevy Spark, several key points emerge:
- Transmission Options: The vehicle is available with both automatic and manual transmission types, appealing to a broad range of driver preferences.
- Performance Metrics: The Sparkβs transmission performance is noteworthy, especially regarding fuel efficiency. It can provide impressive mpg statistics that make it a suitable option for daily commutes.
- Common Issues: While reliable, users have reported symptoms of malfunctioning transmission. Awareness of these can lead to better maintenance practices.
- Maintenance Practices: Routine fluid changes are underscored as critical to extending transmission life.
These summaries should guide both new buyers who wish to understand the nuances of their vehicle and seasoned mechanics interested in refining their expertise about the 2016 Chevy Spark.
Final Thoughts on the Chevy Spark Transmission
In sum, the transmission of the 2016 Chevy Spark embodies a balance between practicality and performance. For car buyers, understanding the intricacies of the Spark's transmission can significantly influence purchasing decisions. Key considerations should include what transmission type suits their driving style and how to manage routine care effectively.
As automotive technology continues to evolve, keeping an eye on future innovations may further enhance transmission performance in upcoming models. This vehicle, with its solid performance and manageable maintenance, certainly solidifies itself as a reliable choice in the compact car segment.
Ultimately, informed buyers who understand their vehicle's systems will experience better satisfaction and longevity in their ownership.