Explore the Complete Chevy Colorado Lineup
Intro
The Chevy Colorado stands as a versatile option in the midsize truck segment. This lineup showcases various models that appeal to a broad spectrum of buyers, from casual users to more specialized needs. Understanding this model's attributes is vital for those considering an investment in a new vehicle.
In this overview, we will delve into several key categories that highlight the Colorado's strengths and weaknesses. We aim to provide a nuanced exploration of each model's performance, features, and market positioning. By shedding light on essential details, we equip readers with the knowledge necessary for making informed decisions about their potential purchases.
Whether you are a first-time buyer or a seasoned enthusiast, the information herein aims to enhance your understanding of the Chevy Colorado lineup. It will clarify what to expect from this vehicle, ensuring that your automotive knowledge is as comprehensive as possible.
Foreword to the Chevy Colorado
The Chevy Colorado has established itself as a noteworthy player in the midsize truck segment. Understanding its models is essential for anyone interested in the automotive world, whether they are enthusiasts or potential buyers. This article dives into the various iterations of the Colorado, showcasing features that distinguish each one.
The Chevy Colorado offers a blend of utility, comfort, and technology. Each model serves different needs, making it crucial for buyers to comprehend the significant elements that set them apart. From workhorse capabilities to modern conveniences, the Colorado has a model suitable for varied lifestyles and preferences.
Key Considerations
When exploring the Chevy Colorado, it is important to consider factors like:
- Performance specifications: The engine options and drivetrains affect how the truck performs under different conditions.
- Trim levels: Each available trim caters to distinct needs ranging from basic functionality to luxury features.
- Safety ratings: Understanding safety features helps buyers make informed decisions about the best options for their families.
"The Colorado stands out for its versatility and ability to cater to multiple buyer profiles."
In addition to these considerations, the truck's fuel efficiency, interior features, and market position play vital roles in determining its appeal. Knowing the nuances across each model allows one to make educated choices, ensuring satisfaction with their eventual purchase or interest. Through this overview, we strive to equip readers with the necessary knowledge about the Chevy Colorado to navigate their automotive journey.
Historical Context of the Chevy Colorado
Understanding the historical context of the Chevy Colorado allows for a broader appreciation of its design, evolution, and market significance. This section will explore its inception, market positioning, and how it has adapted to changing automotive needs. The Chevy Colorado holds a notable place in the landscape of mid-size trucks, reflecting broader trends in consumer preferences and technological advancements.
Initial Launch and Market Position
The Chevy Colorado was launched in 2004 as a replacement for the Chevy S-10. It was designed to fill a gap in the mid-size truck segment, a gap that had seen an influx of competition. Positioned as a versatile option for both urban and rural drivers, the Colorado entered a market that demanded practicality without sacrificing style.
From its debut, the Colorado aimed at both lifestyle and work-oriented consumers. Early marketing targeted active individuals, emphasizing durability and capability. Features like extended cab designs were introduced to cater to families, making it a multi-use vehicle. This model was positioned against competitors like the Toyota Tacoma and Ford Ranger, which meant that delivering on performance and amenities was critical to capture market share.
Evolution Through Generations
Each generation of the Chevy Colorado has reflected shifts in consumer demands and environmental standards. The first generation, from 2004 to 2012, focused on providing essential features and reliable performance.
With the second generation launching in 2015, notable improvements were made. Enhanced fuel efficiency, advanced technology integration, and a more powerful engine lineup were introduced. The 2015 redesign enhanced the Colorado's appeal with a more modern design and improved safety features.
Throughout its time, the Colorado has also adapted to include off-road capabilities, especially with the introduction of the Z71 variant in later models. This adaptation reflects a trend where buyers increasingly seek vehicles that offer both daily utility and recreational capabilities. Notable changes in interior comfort, advanced driver-assistance systems, and improved towing capabilities have been included, aligning with consumer expectations in the current market.
As automotive standards evolve, the Colorado has consistently positioned itself to meet new challenges and requests. Its journey through generations demonstrates resilience and adaptability, marking it as a significant player in close competition.
Current Chevy Colorado Models
The section on Current Chevy Colorado Models is critical in this article as it lays the foundation for understanding the distinct variations of the Colorado. Each model caters to specific preferences and practical needs of buyers. By exploring the features and specifications that these models offer, potential buyers and enthusiasts can make educated choices that align with their requirements.
Base Model Overview
The base model of the Chevy Colorado serves as an excellent starting point for those eager to enter the midsize truck market. This model is designed to offer essential features at an accessible price point. Key aspects include a robust design with basic but functional interior amenities. It comes equipped with a four-cylinder engine, providing a balance of power and efficiency. Standard safety features are integrated, highlighting Chevrolet's commitment to prioritizing occupant security.
When considering practical use, the base model offers adequate towing capabilities, suitable for light hauling tasks. However, buyers who seek additional comfort and features may find that exploring higher trims proves worthwhile.
LT Trim Features
The LT trim is a significant step up from the base model. It introduces a host of features aimed at enhancing comfort and convenience. With upgraded interior materials, the LT trim makes the driving experience more enjoyable. This model often includes a larger infotainment system with smartphone integration, appealing to those valuing technology in their vehicles.
Additionally, the LT trim provides optional features like a V6 engine, which offers more power for those needing it. It may also come with advanced safety features, potentially including parking assist and lane-keeping technology, improving overall vehicle handling and security.
Z71 Trim Capabilities
Positioning itself as the adventurous option, the Z71 trim enhances off-road capabilities while retaining daily usability. With features such as all-terrain tires and an off-road suspension system, it is designed for driving enthusiasts who enjoy exploration. This trim stands out with its unique styling cues and rugged aesthetic.
Moreover, the Z71 trim offers specialized safety and performance features, allowing drivers to navigate challenging terrains with greater confidence. This model is a compelling choice for those who plan to utilize their vehicle for both recreational and practical tasks.
High Country Premium Features
The High Country trim is the apex of luxury within the Colorado lineup. It boasts high-end materials, superior technology, and a plethora of comfort amenities. This trim often includes leather upholstery, advanced climate control, and premium sound systems, elevating the driving experience.
Furthermore, the High Country trim typically features an enhanced V6 engine that ensures performance matches luxury. It combines comfort with capability, making it ideal for those who desire the best of both worlds.
The High Country trim represents a blend of performance and upscale features for those who prioritize style and comfort in their driving experiences.
Performance Specifications Across Models
Understanding the performance specifications of the Chevy Colorado models is essential for potential buyers and automotive enthusiasts alike. Each model offers unique engine options, drivetrain configurations, and towing capabilities. These specifications play a crucial role in determining how well a vehicle performs in various scenarios.
For instance, recognizing the engine choices available can help buyers align their requirements with the vehicle's performance. Furthermore, knowing the towing capacities and cargo volume is vital, especially for those who may use the Colorado for work or recreation. Hence, examining these factors provides a clearer picture of how each model fits into diverse lifestyles and needs.
Engine Options Available
The Chevy Colorado is offered with multiple engine choices, each catering to different performance needs. The base engine is a 2.5-liter four-cylinder that delivers adequate power for daily driving. However, for those seeking more capability, the 3.6-liter V6 engine offers a notable increase in horsepower and torque, making it suitable for both commuting and off-road adventures.
Additionally, there is a diesel option available, a 2.8-liter Duramax turbo-diesel engine. This engine not only enhances fuel efficiency but also boosts towing capability. The versatility in engine options allows buyers to select a model that matches both their driving preferences and functional needs.
Transmission and Drivetrain Details
The Chevy Colorado features a six-speed automatic transmission as standard across most models. This transmission provides smooth shifting and enhances driving comfort. The optional eight-speed automatic transmission is available on higher trims, offering improved performance and efficiency, especially beneficial during highway driving.
Furthermore, buyers have the choice of either rear-wheel drive or four-wheel drive. The four-wheel-drive system ensures better traction in adverse conditions, which can be crucial depending on the intended use of the vehicle. Overall, the drivetrain configurations available contribute significantly to the vehicle's adaptability in various driving environments.
Towing and Cargo Capacities
Towing capacity is one of the key strengths of the Chevy Colorado. When equipped with the V6 engine, the Colorado can tow up to 7,000 pounds. This capability makes it a strong competitor in the mid-size truck category, especially for those needing to haul trailers, boats, or other heavy loads.
In terms of cargo capacity, the Colorado's bed size varies depending on the configuration chosen. Options include a short box or a long box, with the latter offering greater storage for equipment and supplies. The combination of a decent payload capacity alongside strong towing figures renders the Colorado an effective choice for both work and leisure.
"The Chevy Colorado stands out in its class with a balanced approach to performance, offering something for everyone, from casual drivers to serious off-roaders."
With these defined performance specifications, prospective buyers have a better understanding of how the Chevy Colorado can serve their needs effectively, ensuring that they choose the right model for their lifestyle.
Safety Features and Ratings
Safety features are critical when evaluating the Chevy Colorado. Given the vehicle's role as a midsize pickup, potential buyers often prioritize safety for various reasons, ranging from family considerations to workplace demands. This article segment will explore how the Colorado meets these safety needs through a comprehensive look at its standard technologies, advanced systems, and crash test ratings. Each aspect plays a significant role in providing peace of mind for drivers and their passengers.
Standard Safety Technologies
The Chevy Colorado is equipped with several standard safety technologies designed to enhance driver confidence and protect occupants. Notable features include:
- Stabilitrak Stability Control: This system ensures vehicle stability, especially in challenging driving conditions, reducing the chances of rollovers.
- Anti-lock Braking System (ABS): ABS prevents the wheels from locking up during hard braking, allowing for better steering control in emergencies.
- Rear Vision Camera: Standard across most trims, this camera aids in reversing by providing a clear view of what's behind the vehicle.
- Airbags: Front, side, and headcurtain airbags provide broad coverage in the event of a collision.
The inclusion of these technologies reflects Chevy’s commitment to basic safety. These systems not only protect occupants but also help prevent accidents, making them essential components of the Colorado's safety arsenal.
Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems
In addition to standard features, the Colorado offers advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) tailored to reduce human error and enhance situational awareness. Important ADAS features include:
- Forward Collision Alert: Alerts drivers of a potential collision with the vehicle ahead, promoting proactive braking.
- Lane Departure Warning: This system notifies the driver if the vehicle unintentionally drifts from its lane, thereby enhancing highway safety.
- Rear Park Assist: Helps drivers detect objects in their path while reversing, making tight spots easier to navigate.
- Teen Driver Technology: A unique feature enabling parents to set limitations on certain vehicle functionalities, thus promoting safe driving habits.
These advanced systems greatly enhance the Colorado's safety profile, contributing to a safer driving experience overall. They address common driving challenges and are particularly beneficial for less experienced drivers.
Crash Test Ratings and Performance
Crash test ratings are critical indicators of a vehicle's safety performance. The Chevy Colorado has undergone rigorous testing through agencies like the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS).
According to the latest evaluations, the Colorado has received commendable scores in various categories, including:
- Overall Frontal Crash Rating: Demonstrating solid performance in frontal collisions.
- Side Crash Test Ratings: Showing resilience in side-impact scenarios.
- Rollover Rating: Evaluating the vehicle's likelihood of rolling over during sudden maneuvers.
"The Colorado's safety features and ratings provide confidence for a wide array of drivers, from the urban commuter to the rugged outdoor enthusiast."
These ratings illustrate the Colorado's design effectiveness in safeguarding occupants during incidents. With high scores and various safety technologies in place, Chevy aims to instill trust in its consumers.
In summary, safety is a paramount consideration in the Chevy Colorado lineup. The combination of standard safety technologies, advanced driver-assistance systems, and strong crash test ratings positions the Colorado as a reliable choice in the midsize pickup segment, catering to both everyday users and more demanding drivers.
Interior Features and Comfort
The interior features and comfort of the Chevy Colorado play a critical role in the overall driving experience. As a vehicle designed for both work and leisure, it is essential that the comfort and aesthetics of the interior accommodate a wide range of users. Whether commuting to work, embarking on a road trip, or using it for heavy-duty tasks, drivers and passengers appreciate a well-designed interior.
Key components like seating materials, legroom, and technology integration not only enhance the comfort but also significantly influence buyer decisions. Comfort inside the Chevy Colorado can transform how the vehicle is perceived. If a vehicle provides good ergonomics and satisfying technology, it becomes more attractive, especially in a market filled with competition.
Design and Layout Across Trims
The design and layout of the Chevy Colorado interior vary across its different trims, each offering a unique appeal. The base model features straightforward, functional design elements that prioritize utility. As you move up to the LT and Z71 trims, the interior aesthetics improve with upgraded materials, better finishes, and designs that cater to both looks and comfort. Additionally, the High Country variant raises the bar even higher, incorporating luxury elements that make a significant impact.
While the layout maintains a driver-focused approach throughout, attention to detail in higher trims serves to enhance the overall perception of quality. This thoughtful design creates an environment that feels both user-friendly and upscale.
Technology Integration and Infotainment
Modern vehicles must meet the technological expectations of today's drivers. The Chevy Colorado does so effectively with its infotainment system. Depending on the model, features like the Chevy Infotainment 3 system offer smartphone integration through Apple CarPlay and Android Auto, enabling seamless access to navigation, music, and calls directly from the touchscreen.
Moreover, higher trims may include additional features like a larger screen size and premium sound systems, enhancing the overall driving experience. This integration ensures that drivers remain connected while maintaining focus on the road. Thus, the technology in the Chevy Colorado contributes significantly to the comfort factor by ensuring that convenience is never sacrificed.
Space and Ergonomics Considerations
Space and ergonomics are critical when evaluating the comfort of any vehicle. The Chevy Colorado provides generous legroom and headspace, which is visible across all trims. Front and rear passengers experience comfort even on longer journeys. Furthermore, the adjustability of the seats allows individual drivers to find their optimal driving position. This attention to ergonomic design helps reduce fatigue during extended use.
"Well-designed space ensures that the driver can easily reach controls and access necessary items without discomfort."
Together, the design, technology integration, and ergonomic considerations create a cohesive interior environment that serves both functionality and pleasure. Buyers looking for a blend of capability and comfort in a mid-size truck will find the Chevy Colorado's interior features appealing.
Fuel Efficiency Ratings
Fuel efficiency is a critical aspect when evaluating any vehicle, and the Chevy Colorado is no exception. Understanding the fuel efficiency ratings can significantly influence buying decisions, especially for those who prioritize operational costs in their vehicle ownership experience. Higher fuel efficiency translates to lower fuel expenditures and reduced environmental impact, making it a smart consideration for both budget-conscious consumers and eco-aware buyers. Moreover, the demands of everyday driving—combined with recreational needs—underscore the importance of fuel economy in a midsize truck like the Colorado.
Fuel efficiency ratings impact not only the immediate cost of ownership but also the resale value of the vehicle over time. Buyers often seek out models that provide a balance between performance and economical fuel consumption. Therefore, having a solid grasp of the Colorado's fuel efficiency across various models and engine types is paramount. This detailed comparison will serve as a valuable guide for understanding which configurations may best meet individual needs—be it for commuting, heavy lifting, or leisure activities.
Comparison of MPG by Model and Engine Type
When examining the fuel efficiency of the Chevy Colorado, it is essential to consider how different models and engine types can affect miles per gallon (MPG) performance. Each trim and configuration offers unique characteristics that can lead to variance in fuel consumption. Here’s a succinct overview of the MPG ratings for various compositions:
- Base Model: Equipped with a standard engine, delivers a solid MPG performance suitable for urban commuting.
- LT and Z71 Trims: These trims often include a more powerful engine option, which, while enhancing performance, may slightly reduce fuel efficiency compared to the base model.
- High Country Trim: This model typically focuses on luxury features, and the larger engine might yield lower MPG figures due to added weight and power needs.
"Examining MPG allows potential owners to compare how each configuration reflects their driving habits and lifestyle requirements."
Additionally, engine types play a crucial role in MPG figures:
- 2.5L 4-Cylinder Engine: Generally offers the highest MPG in the Colorado lineup, appealing to efficiency-focused drivers.
- 3.6L V6 Engine: Provides a balance of power and fuel economy, favored by those needing a blend of performance and efficiency.
- Duramax 2.8L Diesel Engine: Known for its impressive torque and towing capabilities, this engine also presents exceptional fuel efficiency when compared to gasoline options.
Market Appeal and Target Demographics
The market appeal of the Chevy Colorado is significant, as it aligns closely with the needs and preferences of a diverse range of consumers. This mid-size truck has gained traction due to its versatility, practicality, and advanced features. Understanding the target demographics is essential for potential buyers as well as for those interested in the automotive industry. Here are key insights into the buyer profiles and preferences that shape market demand for the Colorado.
Buyer Profiles and Preferences
When considering who buys the Chevy Colorado, several profiles emerge. The vehicle attracts:
- Young Professionals: Many young buyers are drawn to the modern aesthetics and technology that accompany the Colorado. The truck’s advanced infotainment system and safety features offer a blend of style and functionality, which appeals to this demographic.
- Families: The Colorado’s spacious cab and flexible cargo options make it a practical choice for families. Parents appreciate its safety ratings and its ability to handle both day-to-day errands and outdoor adventures on weekends.
- Outdoor Enthusiasts: A significant number of buyers use the Colorado for outdoor activities. Its towing capacities and off-road capabilities make it ideal for those who engage in camping, boating, or mountain biking.
- Business Owners: Small business owners often find value in the Colorado for its utility. The truck can transport tools and materials while also serving as a personal vehicle for commuting.
In terms of preferences, these buyers often seek durability and efficiency. They favor models that balance performance with thoughtful interior design. The available trims allow customization to meet specific needs, whether that is for luxury amenities or rugged features.
Usage Scenarios for Different Models
Each model of the Chevy Colorado suits distinct usage scenarios, further enhancing its market appeal. Here are a few common usage scenarios:
- Daily Commuting: The base model is practical for daily use, designed to provide a comfortable ride for urban and suburban driving.
- Family Road Trips: For family adventures, the High Country trim features ample space and technological conveniences, making long drives more enjoyable.
- Work-Related Tasks: The Z71 trim is geared towards businesses needing a capable work truck, offering abilities that adapt to various job requirements, such as hauling and towing.
- Off-Roading: Enthusiasts who prefer off-road terrain often lean towards the Z71 variant. Its elevated ground clearance and rugged suspension system cater to this adventurous use.
With these buyer preferences and usage scenarios in mind, the Chevy Colorado not only serves as a vehicle but as an adaptable solution for various lifestyles. Its distinct models meet the specific needs of different drivers, making it a worthy competitor on the market.
"The Chevy Colorado stands as a testament to the evolving needs of the modern consumer, skillfully balancing functionality with lifestyle."
As demographics shift and preferences evolve, the Colorado is well-positioned to appeal to an array of buyers, ensuring its place in the mid-size truck segment for years to come.
Comparative Analysis with Competitors
Understanding the Chevy Colorado in the context of its competitors is essential for potential buyers and enthusiasts alike. This section will provide insights into how the Colorado stacks up against other models in its class. The comparative analysis highlights specific strengths and weaknesses, enabling readers to make informed decisions based on their personal needs and preferences.
Similar Models in the Segment
In the mid-sized truck market, several competitors vie for consumer attention alongside the Chevy Colorado. Notable models include the Toyota Tacoma, Ford Ranger, and Honda Ridgeline. Each of these vehicles brings unique advantages to the table:
- Toyota Tacoma: Known for its durability and off-road capabilities, the Tacoma often attracts buyers who prioritize ruggedness.
- Ford Ranger: This model appeals with its impressive towing capacity and modern technology offerings, catering to those needing both power and feature-rich experiences.
- Honda Ridgeline: The Ridgeline stands out with its unibody construction, offering better ride comfort and car-like handling.
Buyers should consider these alternatives carefully, as each has specific strengths suited to different usage scenarios.
Strengths and Weaknesses Compared
When evaluating the Chevy Colorado against its competition, several strengths and weaknesses emerge:
Strengths:
- Versatility: The Colorado offers multiple configurations, including an extended cab and crew cab, appealing to a wider range of truck buyers.
- Powertrain Options: With its impressive engine choices, including a diesel option, the Colorado provides versatility in performance and fuel efficiency.
- Towing Capacity: Chevy Colorado boasts competitive towing capabilities, which is a critical factor for many potential buyers.
Weaknesses:
- Interior Quality: Compared to the Honda Ridgeline, the Colorado may lag in terms of interior sophistication and overall material quality.
- Ride Comfort: While suited for work tasks, the Colorado’s ride may be perceived as less comfortable than competitors like the Ford Ranger for everyday driving.
- Technology Interface: Although decent, the infotainment system user experience may not be as intuitive or polished as that found in the Toyota Tacoma.
In summary, the Chevy Colorado presents a strong option within the mid-sized truck segment, with certain features that many consumers will find attractive. However, recognizing where it excels as well as where it may not meet expectations against its rivals is crucial for making the best purchasing decision.
"A clear understanding of competitors not only aids in assessing the Chevy Colorado but is essential when prioritizing individual needs in a vehicle."
When weighing all factors, individuals should reflect on how these attributes align with their lifestyles and preferences. This approach ensures they choose a vehicle that best meets their requirements.
Owner Feedback and Reviews
The topic of owner feedback and reviews plays a crucial role in evaluating the Chevy Colorado models. It allows prospective buyers and enthusiasts to gain insights into real-world experiences that go beyond specifications and features. Reviews provide a glimpse into how the vehicles perform in day-to-day use, which is essential for anyone considering ownership of a Chevy Colorado. Additionally, understanding the strengths and weaknesses as reported by current owners can inform potential buyers, guiding them towards making well-rounded decisions.
Common Praise for the Model Lineup
Many owners of the Chevy Colorado express satisfaction with its overall performance and versatility. They frequently highlight several aspects:
- Comfortable Ride: Numerous reviews emphasize the comfortable ride quality that the Colorado provides, even on rough terrains.
- Practical Size: Owners appreciate the manageable size of the Colorado, making it easy to navigate in urban environments while still offering ample cargo space for outdoor activities.
- Strong Engine Performance: The various engine options available have also garnered positive feedback, with drivers noting that both the four-cylinder and V6 engines deliver adequate power for towing and hauling.
- Interior Quality: Another point of commendation is the quality of materials used in the interior. Users find the cabin to be surprisingly upscale, providing a pleasant ambiance during drives.
Feedback often depicts the Colorado as a practical choice for both work and leisure, with owners valuing its balance between rugged capability and day-to-day usability.
Identified Shortcomings and Concerns
While the Chevy Colorado has its strengths, owners have also pointed out some shortcomings that potential buyers should consider:
- Small Rear Seat Space: One common concern is the limited rear legroom in the crew cab models, which can make it less comfortable for adult passengers on longer trips.
- Infotainment System Issues: Some owners have reported occasional glitches with the infotainment system, leading to frustration during use.
- Fuel Efficiency: Although performance is often praised, a number of reviews indicate that fuel efficiency could be better compared to some competitors in the midsize truck segment.
- Price Point: Some feedback suggests that certain trims may feel priced higher than expected, especially when compared to similar models.
Overall, while there is much praise for the Chevy Colorado, understanding the feedback regarding its shortcomings adds valuable context for prospective owners, enabling them to make the most informed choice possible.
Epilogue on Chevy Colorado Models
In reviewing the Chevy Colorado models, it becomes apparent that each variant is designed to meet specific needs and preferences of different buyers. This overview has highlighted distinctive features, performance metrics, and essential details that can help potential owners make informed decisions.
The importance of analyzing the Chevy Colorado models lies in their ability to offer versatility and adaptability. Whether a buyer is looking for a basic work truck, a rugged off-road performer, or a luxury vehicle, the Colorado lineup caters to these varying requirements. Features across the models ensure that drivers can select a configuration that aligns with their lifestyle.
Key Considerations:
- Diverse Options: The Colorado’s range of trims, from the straightforward Base model to the luxurious High Country version, provides ample choice for consumers.
- Performance Evaluation: Understanding the performance specifications is essential, including engine choices and towing capabilities, which can significantly influence the user's experience and satisfaction.
- Safety and Reliability: The various safety features and ratings reassure buyers about the security of their investment, emphasizing the Colorado's commitment to protection on the road.
Moreover, considering the market appeal and target demographics offers insights not only into the vehicle's performance but also its compatibility with different user lifestyles. The analysis of owner feedback reveals a well-rounded picture, showcasing both the commendations and potential drawbacks of the lineup.
"A vehicle should not just be a mode of transport; it should be an extension of your identity. The Chevy Colorado models strive to embody this philosophy."
Finally, synthesizing the information throughout this article indicates that understanding the Chevy Colorado models is not just about recognizing features. It involves appreciating how those features translate into real-world effectiveness and suitability. Buyers should weigh their individual needs against these factors, ensuring that they select a model that serves them well in both practical and emotional contexts.
